What is the focus of the pre-conventional level in Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

The pre-conventional level in Kohlberg's stages of moral development focuses primarily on self-interest and the avoidance of punishment. This stage is characterized by a child's understanding of morality in terms of direct consequences for their actions. At this level, individuals make decisions based on what will benefit them personally or help them avoid negative outcomes such as punishment.

In this stage, the moral reasoning is not based on societal norms or understanding of right and wrong from a societal perspective. Instead, it is heavily influenced by external consequences that affect the individual directly, such as receiving a reward or avoiding punishment. This foundational stage of moral reasoning is typical in young children but can also reflect certain adults' reasoning in specific situations. Overall, the pre-conventional level represents a self-centered approach to morality that emphasizes personal gain and the desire to prevent harm to oneself.